黄芪多糖、黄芪甲苷对大黄酸肠吸收的影响

目的研究不同浓度大黄酸在大鼠不同肠段的吸收特性以及黄芪多糖、黄芪甲苷分别对大黄酸肠吸收的影响。方法建立检测大鼠肠道灌流液中大黄酸含量的高效液相色谱(HPLC)法,采用在体单向肠灌流模型,通过测定肠灌流液中大黄酸的浓度,计算大黄酸的吸收速率常数(Ka)和有效渗透率(Peff),以研究其低、中、高(27.2,47.6,68.0μg·mL-1)3个浓度在大鼠不同肠段的吸收特性,并观察黄芪多糖、黄芪甲苷对大黄酸肠吸收的影响。结果大黄酸的测定方法专属性、线性关系良好,精密度、准确度、稳定性、基质效应、绝对回收率均符合相关规定。大黄酸在27.2~68.0μg·mL-1质量浓度范围内,空肠、回肠中Ka、Peff值显著高于十二指肠和结肠。与黄芪多糖配伍后,大黄酸在空肠中Ka值减小(P<0.05);与黄芪甲苷配伍后,大黄酸在十二指肠中的Ka、Peff值增大(P<0.05),在回肠中的Peff值增大(P<0.05)。结论大黄酸在空肠和回肠中的吸收效果优于十二指肠和结肠,黄芪多糖可抑制大黄酸在空肠中的吸收,黄芪甲苷可显著促进大黄酸在十二指肠、回肠中的吸收。     

地黄饮子对大鼠脑缺血再灌注后炎症反应的抑制作用

目的探讨地黄饮子通过抑制脑缺血再灌注模型大鼠炎症反应发挥脑保护作用的机制。方法采用两侧颈总动脉夹闭方法制备脑缺血再灌注模型大鼠,模型复制成功后灌胃给药地黄饮子连续7 d。末次给药后,对大鼠进行神经行为学Longa评分和Berderson评分,核磁共振血管成像检测观察大鼠颅内血管变化,HE染色法观察大鼠脑组织病理改变,酶联免疫吸附法检测大鼠大脑皮层组织、血清的促炎因子和抗炎因子的表达水平。结果地黄饮子可降低脑缺血再灌注大鼠的神经行为学Longa评分和Berderson评分(P<0.05,P<0.01);增宽大鼠颅内血管直径(P<0.05,P<0.01);改善大鼠脑组织神经元形态;降低大鼠大脑皮层以及血清中促炎因子白细胞介素6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素17(IL-17)含量(P<0.05,P<0.01),增加大脑皮层以及血清中抗炎因子白细胞介素10(IL-10)、转化生长因子(TGF)-β含量(P<0.01)。结论地黄饮子可能通过纠正脑缺血后体内促炎因子和抗炎因子的失衡状态,抑制炎症反应,减轻脑组织损伤,发挥脑保护作用。     

四氢巴马汀对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的:探讨四氢巴马汀(l-THP)对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法:Wistar大鼠24只,分为假手术组、模型组和l-THP治疗组,结扎大鼠冠状动脉左前降支30min再灌注120min造成心肌缺血再灌注损伤模型,分别于缺血30min、再灌注30min、60min、90min、120min观察l-THP对大鼠心功能、心肌酶学和脂质过氧化的影响。结果:l-THP能够对抗心肌缺血再灌注损伤引起的左心室内压(LVSP)、左心室内压最大上升与下降速率(±dp/dtmax)下降,左心室舒张末期压力(LVEDP)的升高,并能够稳定心肌组织Na -K -ATPase和Ca2 -Mg2 -ATPase活性,降低丙二醛(MDA)含量和增高超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性。结论:四氢巴马汀(l-THP)对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注引起的心功能降低具有明显的保护作用,其机制可能与改善能量代谢障碍和抑制自由基生成或清除氧自由基作用有关。     

基于中国知网动脉粥样硬化动物实验的文献计量学分析

目的：分析动脉粥样硬化动物实验的研究现状,寻求公认的造模方法。方法：在国家知识基础设施数据库（简称中国知网,CNKI）中检索近10年内动脉粥样硬化相关动物实验的文献,按照发表时间、发文类型、文献来源、模型动物种类、造模方法、造模时间、涉及治疗方法等进行分析。结果：共纳入2 709篇文献,1）涉及动脉粥样硬化治疗的文献有2 173篇;2）发文趋势整体较平稳;3）模型动物以ApoE-/-小鼠、SD大鼠、新西兰兔为主,其主要造模方法分别为单纯高脂饮食喂养、高脂饮食+腹腔注射维生素D3、高脂饮食+球囊损伤;4）中医药治疗动脉粥样硬化的动物实验已广泛开展。结论：目前涉及最多的动物模型是ApoE-/-小鼠,以单纯高脂饮食喂养为造模方法,造模时间集中在12周左右,且中医对于动脉粥样硬化的研究已深入开展,为其在临床中的广泛应用奠定基础。     

Neurodevelopmental and behavioral effects of nonylphenol exposure during gestational and breastfeeding period on F1 rats

Nonylphenols (NP) are endocrine-disruptors known to be widely present in our environment. This study evaluated the effects of 4-n-NP on neurobehavioral development and memory capacity after perinatal exposure on the offspring rats. Dams were gavaged with 4-n-NP (0, 50 and 200 mg/kg/day) from gestational day 5 to postnatal day (PND) 21. Dams exposed to the higher dose lost weight during gestation and had a longer gestational duration. Juvenile female pups of the 200 mg 4-n-NP/kg/day group were lighter. Their thyroid somatic index (TSI) was also affected. For male pups, a decrease of TSI at weaning for the 200 mg 4-n-NP/kg/day group and an increase of GSI for the 50 mg 4-n-NP/kg/day group were observed. Physical maturation (incisives and eyes) were likewise affected. In open field (OF) tests, females were more active than males. In the first OF (PND 36), a treatment effect was observed only for males, particularly for the high dose group, which became as active as females. The second OF (PND 71) showed few differences between groups (treated vs control), the gender difference whatever the dose was not abolished. In the Morris Water Maze test, the study of the first 30 s showed that females (200 mg/kg/day) were mainly affected. Their performances were improved by 4-n-NP. These effects were particularly important for the first short-term memory test and observed to a lesser extent in the second evaluation of the long-term memory (PND 69). These data showed that perinatal 4-n-NP exposure induced behavioral and neuro-developmental impairments from 50 mg/kg/day.     

Molecular alterations in the hippocampus after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage

Patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) frequently have deficits in learning and memory that may or may not be associated with detectable brain lesions. We examined mediators of long-term potentiation after SAH in rats to determine what processes might be involved. There was a reduction in synapses in the dendritic layer of the CA1 region on transmission electron microscopy as well as reduced colocalization of microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) and synaptophysin. Immunohistochemistry showed reduced staining for GluR1 and calmodulin kinase 2 and increased staining for GluR2. Myelin basic protein staining was decreased as well. There was no detectable neuronal injury by Fluoro-Jade B, TUNEL, or activated caspase-3 staining. Vasospasm of the large arteries of the circle of Willis was mild to moderate in severity. Nitric oxide was increased and superoxide anion radical was decreased in hippocampal tissue. Cerebral blood flow, measured by magnetic resonance imaging, and cerebral glucose metabolism, measured by positron emission tomography, were no different in SAH compared with control groups. The results suggest that the etiology of loss of LTP after SAH is not cerebral ischemia but may be mediated by effects of subarachnoid blood such as oxidative stress and inflammation.     

Aging aggravates long-term renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in a rat model

Aim

Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) has been considered as the major cause of acute kidney injury and can result in poor long-term graft function. Functional recovery after IRI is impaired in the elderly. In the present study, we aimed to compare kidney morphology, function, oxidative stress, inflammation, and development of renal fibrosis in young and aged rats after renal IRI.

Materials and methods

Rat models of warm renal IRI were established by clamping left pedicles for 45 min after right nephrectomy, then the clamp was removed, and kidneys were reperfused for up to 12 wk. Biochemical and histologic renal damage were assessed at 12 wk after reperfusion. The immunohistochemical staining of monocyte macrophage antigen-1 (ED-1) and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) and messenger RNA level of TGF-β1 in the kidney were analyzed.

Results

Renal IRI caused significant increases of malondialdehyde and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine levels and a decrease of superoxide dismutase activity in young and aged IRI rats; however, these changes were more obvious in the aged rats. IRI resulted in severe inflammation and tubulointerstitial fibrosis with decreased creatinine (Cr) clearance and increased histologic damage in aged rats compared with young rats. Moreover, we measured the ratio of Cr clearance between young and aged IRI rats. It demonstrated that aged IRI rats did have poor Cr clearance compared with the young IRI rats. ED-1 and TGF-β1 expression levels in the kidney were significantly higher in aged rats than in young rats after IRI.

Conclusion

Aged rats are more susceptible to IRI-induced renal failure, which may associate with the increased oxidative stress, increased histologic damage, and increased inflammation and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Targeting oxidative stress and inflammatory response should improve the kidney recovery after IRI.     

Intranasal nerve growth factor bypasses the blood-brain barrier and affects spinal cord neurons in spinal cord injur y

The purpose of this work was to investigate whether, by intranasal administration, the nerve growth factor bypasses the blood-brain barrier and turns over the spinal cord neurons and if such therapeutic approach could be of value in the treatment of spinal cord injury. Adult Sprague-Dawley rats with intact and injured spinal cord received daily intranasal nerve growth factor administration in both nostrils for 1 day or for 3 consecutive weeks. We found an in-creased content of nerve growth factor and enhanced expression of nerve growth factor receptor in the spinal cord 24 hours after a single intranasal administration of nerve growth factor in healthy rats, while daily treatment for 3 weeks in a model of spinal cord injury improved the deifcits in locomotor behaviour and increased spinal content of both nerve growth factor and nerve growth factor receptors. These outcomes suggest that the intranasal nerve growth factor bypasses blood-brain barrier and affects spinal cord neurons in spinal cord injury. They also suggest exploiting the possible therapeutic role of intranasally delivered nerve growth factor for the neuroprotection of damaged spinal nerve cells.     

Green tea polyphenols protect spinal cord neurons against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress

Green tea polyphenols are strong antioxidants and can reduce free radical damage. To investigate their neuroprotective potential, we induced oxidative damage in spinal cord neurons using hydrogen peroxide, and applied different concentrations(50–200 μg/mL) of green tea polyphenol to the cell medium for 24 hours. Measurements of superoxide dismutase activity, malondialdehyde content, and expression of apoptosis-related genes and proteins revealed that green tea polyphenol effectively alleviated oxidative stress. Our results indicate that green tea polyphenols play a protective role in spinal cord neurons under oxidative stress.